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Ali so elektromagnetna sevanja zares varna?

Kaj sploh je elektromagnetno sevanje?

Elektromagnetno sevanje se pojavlja v širokem spektru, ki vključuje različne vrste sevanj kot so radijski valovi, mikrovalovi, infrardeča svetloba, vidna svetloba, ultravijolična svetloba, rentgenski žarki in gama žarki. Škodljivost elektromagnetnega sevanja je odvisna od njegove frekvence in energije.

Elektromagnetna sevanja delimo na ionizirajoča (ultravijolična – UV svetloba, zlasti UV-C, rentgenski žarki, gama žarki) in neionizirajoča sevanja (radijski valovi, mikrovalovi, infrardeča svetloba, vidna svetloba in nizkoenergijska ultravijolična svetloba – UV-A in UV-B, ki se razlikujeta po energiji in vplivu na snov, s katero prihajata v stik).

Tehnologija 5G sodi med neionizirajoča sevanja in zanjo na splošno velja, da deluje v frekvenčnem spektru od približno 700 MHz do 100 GHz, odvisno od regije in uporabljenih tehnologij. 3G običajno deluje med 800 MHz in 2100 MHz, medtem ko 4G uporablja širši spekter, od približno 700 MHz do 2600 MHz in več, odvisno od specifičnih omrežij in regionalnih potreb. Razpon frekvenc tehnologije 5G je za razliko od 4G ali 3G bistveno širši, zato je tudi možnost raznovrstnega delovanja na živa bitja bistveno bolj kompleksna in nedorečena.

Elektromagnetno (EM) valovanje (sevanje) ima na vse žive organizme pozitivne in negativne učinke. Večji kot je razpon sevanja (npr. pri 5G) bolj raznovrstni in neželeni so učinki. Učinki sevanja se akumulirajo, zato bi morali biti pri vsaki naslednji generaciji tehnologije bolj previdni in se še bolj intenzivno posvetiti raziskovanju teh učinkov na živa bitja, tudi na človeka.

Pomembno se je zavedati, da je elektromagnetna dejavnost  v vsaki naši živi celici naraven proces, ki je ključnega pomena za pravilno delovanje živčnega, mišičnega in drugih telesnih sistemov. Ta dejavnost vključuje ustvarjanje električnih tokov in s tem povezanih magnetnih polj, ki skupaj prispevajo k številnim fiziološkim funkcijam in so temelj celične komunikacije ter delovanja telesa kot celote. Električna dejavnost v naših celicah v veliki meri temelji na gibanju kalijevih (K⁺) in natrijevih (Na⁺) ionov skozi celične membrane. Magnetna dejavnost pa je posledica električnih tokov, ki jih ustvarja gibanje ionov skozi celične membrane. Vsled temu vsaka sprememba elektromagnetnega delovanja v naši okolici vpliva na delovanje naših celic, ki evolucijsko na to niso prilagojene.  Širši kot je razpon  umetne elektromagnetne dejavnosti, bolj neznani in raznovrstni  so neželeni vplivi. Zato je nemogoče pa tudi neodgovorno trditi, da tako širok razpon elektromagnetnega sevanja, kot ga ima tehnologija 5G, ne vpliva na naš organizem.

Tako ne moremo kategorično trditi, da so EM sevanja varna, ampak potrebujemo neodvisne študije, ki bodo ugotovile delovanje širokega razpona frekvenc na živa bitja. Tovrstnih raziskav Ministrstvo za okolje, podnebje in energijo (MOPE) nima, kar so 7. 5. 2024 (po petih letih, v katerih bi lahko opravili vsaj kakšno raziskavo!) potrdili tudi v svojem odgovoru  civilnim  iniciativam na njihovo  ponovno zahtevo po upoštevanju Moratorija na uvajanje 5G tehnologij iz leta 2019, citiramo:

… Glede točke 5  pa MOPE žal ne razpolaga z lastnimi neodvisnimi znanstvenimi študijami, ki bi neposredno dokazovale varnost novih 5G tehnologij za zdravje ljudi ter okolje, zato vam jih žal ne moremo posredovati …

Da je previdnost pri  hitri in  obsežni vpeljavi tehnologije 5G, ki deluje na tako širokem razponu frekvenc, upravičena, potrjujejo naslednja dejstva:

  • Moratorij na postopke v zvezi z uvajanjem tehnologije 5G je uvedel nekdanji minister za javno upravo Rudi Medved. Na podlagi argumentiranih dejstev, ki so jih pripravili v različnih civilnih iniciativah, je na seji Vlade RS 5. decembra 2019 uporabil t. i. načelo previdnosti. Takratna direktorica Agencije za komunikacijska omrežja in storitve RS (Akos) Tanja Muha je moratorij pozdravila in odgovorila, da potrebujejo najmanj dve leti za pripravo nove strategije,  njeno uskladitev z vsemi deležniki ter končen sprejem na Vladi. Ko je ministra Rudija Medveda na položaju zamenjal Boštjan Koritnik, moratorija enostavno ni več upošteval. Moratorij na tehnologijo 5G so sicer uvedli tudi v Švici.
  • V nacionalni toksikološki študiji, ki jo je izvedel National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) v ZDA, so raziskovali učinke visokih nivojev radijskih frekvenc (neionizirajoče sevanje) na glodavce. Odkrili so povečano incidenco tumorjev (gliomov v možganih in malignih schwannomov v srcu) pri samcih podgan, izpostavljenih visokim nivojem sevanja, podobnih tistim, ki jih oddajajo mobilni telefoni.
  • Evropska akademija za okoljsko medicino (EUROPAEM) je leta 2016 izdala smernice, v katerih priporočajo previdnost pri izpostavljenosti EM poljem, vključno s tistimi, ki jih oddajajo mobilna omrežja. Smernice opozarjajo na možne nevrološke, kognitivne in vedenjske učinke ter na potrebo po zaščiti občutljivih posameznikov.
  • Martin L. Pall, zaslužni profesor biokemije in temeljnih medicinskih znanosti na Washington State University, v svojih študijah in člankih opozarja, da lahko EM sevanje, vključno s tistim, ki  ga   povzroča 5G, povzroči biološke učinke prek aktivacije napetostno odvisnih kalcijevih kanalov (VGCC) v celicah. Ti učinki naj bi vključevali oksidativni stres, poškodbe DNK in povečano tveganje za raka. Pallove članke pogosto navajajo kot dokaz, da lahko celo nizke ravni EM sevanja  povzročijo potencialno škodljive biološke učinke. Predstavljamo jih v nadaljevanju.

Širok razpon EM valovanja na telesa živih bitij še ni  v polnosti raziskan,  čeprav znanstvene študije o delovanju elektromagnetnega sevanja na naše telo potekajo že od leta 1970.  Za  zdaj znani neželeni učinki so predstavljeni v Tabeli 1.  Vsako trditev v tabeli smo podkrepili z  znanstvenimi študijami,  ki so na voljo na koncu tega prispevka, tako da si lahko vsak bralec ustvari svoje mnenje.

Tabela 1: Verjetni patofiziološki mehanizem EM sevanja

Učinek EM sevanja

Verjetni patofiziološki mehanizem

Nevrološki/nevropsihiatrični učinki

Največjo gostoto prehoda kalcijevih ionov skozi membrane (VGCC – voltage-gated calcium channels – mehanizem opisan pod to tabelo) imajo nevroni, zato je vpliv EM valovanja na živčni sistem velik. Kalcijevo signaliziranje regulira strukturo in delovanje sinaps na 5 različnih načinov. Znižanje nočnega nivoja melatonina in povišanje nočnega nivoja norepinefrina verjetno vpliva na motnje spanja in večjo utrujenost.

Oksidativni stres

Elektromagnetno valovanje, še posebej na višjih frekvencah (kot so mikrovalovi in radijske frekvence), lahko povzroči povečanje ravni prostih radikalov v celicah. To vodi do povečane tvorbe superoksidnega aniona (O₂⁻), kar lahko spodbuja tvorbo peroksinitrita. Štiri študije kažejo, da je oksidativni stres, ki sledi izpostavljenosti EM sevanju, povezan z velikim povečanjem 3-nitrotirozina, ki je pokazatelj peroksinitrita. Peroksinitrit lahko hitro reagira z ogljikovim dioksidom (CO₂) v telesu, kar vodi do nastanka nestabilnih vmesnih produktov kot sta nitrosoperoksokarbonat (ONOOCO₂⁻) in karboksilni radikal (CO₃⁻•). Ti produkti so zelo reaktivni in lahko povzročijo poškodbe DNK, beljakovin in lipidov v celici.

Znižana moška plodnost / ženska rodnost, povišana stopnja spontanih splavov, znižan libido

Znižanje ženske rodnosti in moške plodnosti povzroča oksidativni stres v moških in ženskih organih za reprodukcijo. Spontane splave pogosto povzročajo mutacije kromosomov, tako da so vzrok lahko mutacije v zarodnih celicah. Znižanje libida  povzroča znižan nivo estrogena, progesterona in testosterona (glej zadnjo vrstico).

Dodaten mehanizem, ki lahko povzroči znižano rodnost, je aktiviranje VGCC in posledično visok nivo kalcija (Ca 2+), kar ima, kot je znano, ključno vlogo pri pomanjkanju polispermije. Če se ta odziv sproži pred oploditvijo jajčeca, lahko vsem spermijem prepreči oploditev jajčeca. Od uvedbe tehnologij od 3G do 5G lahko manjšo rodnost beležimo tudi preko SURS-a. V zadnjih dveh letih je zmanjšana rodnost še posebej izrazita.

Apoptoza – programirana celična smrt

Povzročitelja apoptoze sta lahko povišan nivo kalcija (Ca 2+) v mitohondrijih ter lomljenje dvojnih vijačnic v celični DNK; zdi se, da izpostavljenost EMP povzroča oba mehanizma. Tretji sprožilec apoptoze je lahko stres endoplazemskih retikulov.

Poškodbe celične DNK

Poškodbe celične DNK povzročajo zaradi prostih radikalov razpadli produkti peroksinitrita, ki neposredno negativno vplivajo na DNK.

Spremembe v nivoju nesteroidnih hormonov (adrenalin, tiroksin, melatonin, insulin …)

Aktiviranje VGCC in povišanje kalcija (Ca 2+) povzročata sproščanje nesteroidnih hormonov. Neposredna posledica izpostavljenosti EM sevanju je povečano sproščanje hormonov in s tem zvišanje nivoja hormonov. Zaradi kronične izpostavljenosti EM sevanju postanejo mnogi hormonski sistemi izčrpani. Ta mehanizem še ni v celoti raziskan, verjetno pa sta vključena oksidativni stres in vnetje. Glede na statistične podatke SURS o znižani rodnosti je ta mehanizem v vsakem primeru vreden nadaljnjega raziskovanja, preden rečemo, da so EM sevanja varna.

Znižan nivo steroidnih hormonov

Sinteza steroidnih hormonov poteka skozi delovanje encimov citokrom P450; aktivnost teh hormonov zavira vezanje visokih nivojev dušikovega oksida (NO), kar vodi v zmanjšanje sinteze hormonov.

Napetostno odvisni kalcijevi kanali (VGCC, Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels) so transmembranski proteinski kompleksi, ki omogočajo prehod kalcijevih ionov (Ca²⁺) skozi celično membrano v odgovor na spremembo membranskega potenciala. VGCC imajo ključno vlogo pri različnih celičnih procesih kot so sproščanje nevrotransmiterjev, mišična kontrakcija, uravnavanje genov in mnogi drugi. Elektromagnetno valovanje, še posebej na nizkih frekvencah (kot so radijski valovi in mikrovalovi), lahko vpliva na membranski potencial celic. Če valovanje povzroči depolarizacijo celične membrane (povečanje pozitivnega naboja znotraj celice), lahko to aktivira VGCC, kar vodi v povečano prepustnost za kalcijeve ione.

Sprašujemo se ali so smernice International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation  (ICNIRP), Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in International Safety Guidelines (ICS) res pravilne?

Je možno, da so smernice ICNIRP, FCC in ICS popolnoma neznanstvene in se zato nanje pri zagotavljanju naše varnosti ne moremo zanašati?

Povzeto po: Tveganje 5G: Znanstvena perspektiva

https://zeg.si/uploads/zeg1/public/document/159-tveganje_5g_znanstvena_perspektiva_-_martin_l_pall_1_sl.pdf

Seznam znanstvenih študij o ne-varnosti EM sevanj

Poškodbe celične DNK: Lomljenje enojnih in dvojnih vijačnic v celični DNK in oksidirane baze v celični DNK vodijo v kromosomske in druge mutacijske spremembe

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frequency+1972&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C38 (Accessed Sept. 9, 2017)

(2) Goldsmith JR. 1997 Epidemiologic evidence relevant to radar (microwave) effects. Environ

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(3) Yakymenko IL, Sidorik EP, Tsybulin AS. 1999 [Metabolic changes in cells under

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Znižana plodnost, vključno s strukturnimi spremembami v testisih, zmanjšano število spermijev, znižana rodnost žensk vključno s preoblikovanjem jajčnikov, izguba oocitov (foliklov), znižan nivo estrogena, progesterona in testosterona (spolnih hormonov), zvišanje števila spontanih splavov, znižanje libida

(1) Glaser ZR, PhD. 1971 Naval Medical Research Institute Research Report, June 1971.

Bibliography of Reported Biological Phenomena (“Effects”) and Clinical Manifestations

Attributed to Microwave and Radio-Frequency Radiation. Report No. 2 Revised.

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Glaser+naval+medical+microwave+radio

frequency+1972&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C38 (Accessed Sept. 9, 2017)

(2) Tolgskaya MS, Gordon ZV. 1973. Pathological Effects of Radio Waves, Translated from

Russian by B Haigh. Consultants Bureau, New York/London, 146 pages.

(3) Goldsmith JR. 1997 Epidemiological evidence relevant to radar (microwave) effects. Environ Health Perspect 105(Suppl 6):1579-1587.

(4) Aitken RJ, De Iuliis GN. 2007 Origins and consequences of DNA damage in male germ cells. Reprod Biomed Online 14:727-733.

(5) Hazout A, Menezo Y, Madelenat P, Yazbeck C, Selva J, Cohen-Bacrie P. 2008 [Causes and

clinical implications of sperm DNA damages]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil; 36:1109-1117.

(6) Makker K, Varghese A, Desai NR, Mouradi R, Agarwal A. 2009 Cell phones: modern man’s

nemesis? Reprod Biomed Online 18:148-157.

(7) Kang N, Shang XJ, Huang YF. 2010 [Impact of cell phone radiation on male reproduction].

Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 16:1027-1030.

(8) Gye MC, Park CJ. 2012 Effect of electromagnetic feld exposure on the reproductive system.

Clin Exp Reprod Med 39:1-9. doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2012.39.1.1

(9) La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Vicari E, D’Agata R, Calogero AE. 2012 Effects of the exposure

to mobile phones on male reproduction: a review of the literature. J Androl 33:350-356.

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phoneinduced radiation on oxidative stress and reproductive signaling pathways in females

and males. J Membr Biol 246:869-875.

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Liu K, Li Y, Zhang G, Liu J, Cao J, Ao L, Zhang S. 2014 Association between mobile phone use and semen quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrology 2:491-501.

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(15) Hensinger P, Wilke E. 2016. Mobilfunk-Studienergebnisse bestätigen Risiken

Studienrecherche 2016-4 veröffentlicht. Umwelt Medizin Gesellshaft 29:3/2016.

(16) Houston BJ, Nixon B, King BV, De Iuliis GN, Aitken RJ. 2016 The effects of radiofrequency

electromagnetic radiation on sperm function. Reproduction 152:R263-R276

(17) Pall ML. 2018 Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health. Environ Res 164:404-416.

(18) Wilke I. 2018 Biological and pathological effects of 2.45 GHz on cells, fertility, brain and

behavior. Umwelt Medizin Gesselshaft 2018 Feb 31 (1).

 

Nevrološki / nevropsihiatrični učinki:

(1) Marha K. 1966 Biological Effects of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (Translation).

ATD Report 66-92. July 13, 1966 (ATD Work Assignment No. 78, Task 11).

http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0642029 (accessed March 12, 2018)

(2) Glaser ZR, PhD. 1971 Naval Medical Research Institute Research Report, June 1971.

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Attributed to Microwave and Radio-Frequency Radiation. Report No. 2 Revised.

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Glaser+naval+medical+microwave+radio

frequency+1972&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C38 (Accessed Sept. 9, 2017)

(3) Tolgskaya MS, Gordon ZV. 1973. Pathological Effects of Radio Waves, Translated from

Russian by by Haigh. Consultants Bureau, New York/London, 146 pages.

(4) Bise W. 1978 Low power radio-frequency and microwave effects on human

electroencephalogram and behavior. Physiol Chem Phys 10:387-398

(5) Raines, J. K. 1981. Electromagnetic Field Interactions with the Human Body: Observed

Effects andTheories. Greenbelt, Maryland: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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27-88.

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https://mapcruzin.com/radiofrequency/henry_lai2.htm

(10) Aitken RJ, De Iuliis GN. 2007 Origins and consequences of DNA damage in male germ cells. Reprod Biomed Online 14:727-733.

(11) Hardell, L., Sage, C. 2008. Biological effects from electromagnetic feld exposure and public exposure standards. Biomed. Pharmacother. 62, 104-109.

(12) Makker K, Varghese A, Desai NR, Mouradi R, Agarwal A. 2009 Cell phones: modern man’s

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(24) Pall ML. 2018 Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health. Environ Res 164:404-416.

(25) Wilke I. 2018 Biological and pathological effects of 2.45 GHz on cells, fertility, brain and

behavior. Umwelt Medizin Gesselshaft 2018 Feb 31 (1).

 

Apoptoza / celična smrt (pomemben proces pri nastanku nevrodegenerativnih

bolezni in neplodnosti):

 

(1)Glaser ZR, PhD. 1971 Naval Medical Research Institute Research Report, June 1971.

Bibliography of Reported Biological Phenomena (“Effects”) and Clinical Manifestations

Attributed to Microwave and Radio-Frequency Radiation. Report No. 2 Revised.

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Glaser+naval+medical+microwave+radio

frequency+1972&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C38 (Accessed Sept. 9, 2017)

(2) Tolgskaya MS, Gordon ZV. 1973. Pathological Effects of Radio Waves, Translated from

Russian by B Haigh. Consultants Bureau, New York/London, 146 pages.

(3) Raines, J. K. 1981. Electromagnetic Field Interactions with the Human Body: Observed

Effects and Theories. Greenbelt, Maryland: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

1981; 116 p.

(4) Hardell L, Sage C. 2008. Biological effects from electromagnetic feld exposure and public

exposure standards. Biomed. Pharmacother. 62:104-109. doi:

10.1016/j.biopha.2007.12.004.

(5) Makker K, Varghese A, Desai NR, Mouradi R, Agarwal A. 2009 Cell phones: modern man’s

nemesis? Reprod Biomed Online 18:148-157.

(6) Levitt, B. B., Lai, H. 2010. Biological effects from exposure to electromagnetic radiation

emitted by cell tower base stations and other antenna arrays. Environ. Rev. 18, 369-395.

doi.org/10.1139/A10-018

(7) Yakymenko I, Sidorik E. 2010 Risks of carcinogenesis from electromagnetic radiation and

mobile telephony devices. Exp Oncol 32:729-736.

(8) Yakimenko IL, Sidorik EP, Tsybulin AS. 2011 [Metabolic changes in cells under

electromagnetic radiation of mobile communication systems]. Ukr Biokhim Zh (1999). 2011

Mar-Apr;83(2):20-28.

(9) Pall, ML. 2013. Electromagnetic felds act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels

to produce benefcial or adverse effects. J Cell Mol Med 17:958-965. doi:

10.1111/jcmm.12088.

(10) Pall ML. 2016 Microwave frequency electromagnetic felds (EMFs) produce widespread

neuropsychiatric effects including depression. J Chem Neuroanat 75(Pt B):43-51. Doi:

10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.08.001.

(11) Batista Napotnik T, Reberšek M, Vernier PT, Mali B, Miklavčič D. 2016 Effects of high voltage nanosecond electric pulses on eukaryotic cells (in vitro): A systematic review.

Bioelectrochemistry. 2016 Aug; 110:1-12. Doi:10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.02.011.

(12) Asghari A, Khaki AA, Rajabzadeh A, Khaki A. 2016 A review on Electromagnetic felds (EMFs) and the reproductive system. Electron Physician. 2016 Jul 25;8(7):2655-2662. doi:

10.19082/2655.

(13) Pall ML. 2018 Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health. Environ Res 164:404-416.

 

Oksidativni stres / poškodbe prostih radikalov (pomembna

mehanizma pri skoraj vseh kroničnih boleznih, neposredna vzroka

za poškodbe celične DNK)

 

(1) Raines, J. K. 1981. Electromagnetic Field Interactions with the Human Body: Observed

Effects and Theories. Greenbelt, Maryland: National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1981; 116 p.

(2) Hardell, L., Sage, C. 2008. Biological effects from electromagnetic feld exposure and public

exposure standards. Biomed. Pharmacother. 62, 104-109.

(3) Hazout A, Menezo Y, Madelenat P, Yazbeck C, Selva J, Cohen-Bacrie P. 2008 [Causes and

clinical implications of sperm DNA damages]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil; 36:1109-1117

(4) Makker K, Varghese A, Desai NR, Mouradi R, Agarwal A. 2009 Cell phones: modern man’s

nemesis? Reprod Biomed Online 18:148-157.

(5) Desai NR, Kesari KK, Agarwal A. 2009 Pathophysiology of cell phone radiation: oxidative

stress and carcinogenesis with focus on the male reproductive system. Reproduct Biol

Endocrinol 7:114.

(6) Yakymenko I, Sidorik E. 2010 Risks of carcinogenesis from electromagnetic radiation and

mobile telephony devices. Exp Oncol 32:729-736.

(7) Yakimenko IL, Sidorik EP, Tsybulin AS. 2011 [Metabolic changes in cells under

electromagnetic radiation of mobile communication systems]. Ukr Biokhim Zh (1999). 2011

MarApr; 83(2):20-28.

(8) Consales, C., Merla, C., Marino, C., et al. 2012. Electromagnetic felds, oxidative stress, and

neurodegeneration. Int. J. Cell Biol. 2012: 683897.

(9) LaVignera et al 2012 La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Vicari E, D’Agata R, Calogero AE. 2012

Effects of the exposure to mobile phones on male reproduction: a review of the literature.

J Androl 33:350-356.

(10) Pall, ML. 2013. Electromagnetic felds act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels

to produce benefcial or adverse effects. J Cell Mol Med 17:958-965. doi:

10.1111/jcmm.12088.

(11) Nazıroğlu M, Yüksel M, Köse SA, Özkaya MO. 2013 Recent reports of Wi-Fi and mobile

phoneinduced radiation on oxidative stress and reproductive signaling pathways in females

and males. J Membr Biol 246:869-875.

(12) Pall, M. L. 2015. Scientifc evidence contradicts fndings and assumptions of Canadian Safety Panel 6: microwaves act through voltage-gated calcium channel activation to induce

biological impacts at non-thermal levels, supporting a paradigm shift for microwave/lower

frequency electromagnetic feld action. Rev. Environ. Health 3, 99-116.

(13) Yakymenko I, Tsybulin O, Sidorik E, Henshel D, Kyrylenko O, Kysylenko S. 2015 Oxidative

mechanisms of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation.

Electromagnetic Biol Med: Early Online 1-16. ISSN: 1536-8378.

(14) Hensinger P, Wilke E. 2016. Mobilfunk-Studienergebnisse bestätigen Risiken

Studienrecherche 2016-4 veröffentlicht. Umwelt Medizin Gesellshaft 29:3/2016.

(15) Houston BJ, Nixon B, King BV, De Iuliis GN, Aitken RJ. 2016 The effects of radiofrequency

electromagnetic radiation on sperm function. Reproduction 152:R263-R276.

(16) Dasdag S, Akdag MZ. 2016 The link between radiofrequencies emitted from wireless

technologies and oxidative stress. J Chem Neuroanat 75(Pt B):85-93.

(17) Wang H, Zhang X. 2017 Magnetic felds and reactive oxygen species. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Oct 18;18(10). pii: E2175. doi: 10.3390/ijms18102175.

(18) Pall ML. 2018 Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health. Environ Res 164:404-416.

(19) Wilke I. 2018 Biological and pathological effects of 2.45 GHz on cells, fertility, brain and

behavior. Umwelt Medizin Gesselshaft 2018 Feb 31 (1).

 

Endokrini – hormonski učinki

 

(1) Glaser ZR, PhD. 1971 Naval Medical Research Institute Research Report, June 1971.

Bibliography of Reported Biological Phenomena (“Effects”) and Clinical Manifestations

Attributed to Microwave and Radio-Frequency Radiation. Report No. 2 Revised.

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Glaser+naval+medical+microwave+radio

frequency+1972&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C38 (Accessed Sept. 9, 2017)

(2) Tolgskaya MS, Gordon ZV. 1973. Pathological Effects of Radio Waves, Translated from

Russian by B Haigh. Consultants Bureau, New York/London, 146 pages.

(3) Raines, J. K. 1981. Electromagnetic Field Interactions with the Human Body: Observed

Effects and Theories. Greenbelt, Maryland: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

1981; 116 p.

(4) Hardell, L., Sage, C. 2008. Biological effects from electromagnetic feld exposure and public

exposure standards. Biomed. Pharmacother. 62, 104-109.

(5) Makker K, Varghese A, Desai NR, Mouradi R, Agarwal A. 2009 Cell phones: modern man’s

nemesis? Reprod Biomed Online 18:148-157.

(6) Gye MC, Park CJ. 2012 Effect of electromagnetic feld exposure on the reproductive system.

Clin Exp Reprod Med 39:1-9. doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2012.39.1.1

(7) Pall, M. L. 2015. Scientifc evidence contradicts fndings and assumptions of Canadian Safety Panel 6: microwaves act through voltage-gated calcium channel activation to induce

biological impacts at non-thermal levels, supporting a paradigm shift for microwave/lower

frequency electromagnetic feld action. Rev. Environ. Health 3, 99-116.

(8) Sangün Ö, Dündar B, Çömlekçi S, Büyükgebiz A. 2016 The Effects of Electromagnetic Field

on the Endocrine System in Children and Adolescents. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 13:531-545.

(9) Hecht, Karl. 2016 Health Implications of Long-Term Exposures to Electrosmog. Brochure 6

of A Brochure Series of the Competence Initiative for the Protection of Humanity, the

Environment and Democracy. http://kompetenzinitiative.net/KIT/wp

content/uploads/2016/07/KI_Brochure-6_K_Hecht_web.pdf (accessed Feb. 11, 2018)

(10) Asghari A, Khaki AA, Rajabzadeh A, Khaki A. 2016 A review on Electromagnetic felds (EMFs) and the reproductive system. Electron Physician. 2016 Jul 25;8(7):2655-2662. doi:

10.19082/2655.

(11) Pall ML. 2018 Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health. Environ Res 164:404-416.

(12) Wilke I. 2018 Biological and pathological effects of 2.45 GHz on cells, fertility, brain and

behavior. Umwelt Medizin Gesselshaft 2018 Feb 31 (1)

 

Povišan nivo kalcija v celicah:

(1) Adey WR. 1988 Cell membranes: the electromagnetic environment and cancer promotion.

Neurochem Res.13:671-677.

(2) Walleczek, J. 1992. Electromagnetic feld effects on cells of the immune system: the role of

calcium signaling. FASEB J. 6, 3177-3185.

(3) Adey, WR. 1993 Biological effects of electromagnetic felds. J Cell Biochem 51:410-416.

(4) Frey AH. 1993 Electromagnetic feld interactions with biological systems. FASEB J 7:272-281.

(5) Funk RHW, Monsees T, Özkucur N. 2009 Electromagnetic effects—Form cell biology to

medicine. Prog Histochem Cytochem 43:177-264.

(6) Yakymenko IL, Sidorik EP, Tsybulin AS. 1999 [Metabolic changes in cells under

electromagnetic radiation of mobile communication systems]. Ukr Biokhim Zh (1999), 2011

Mar-Apr:20-28.

(7) Gye MC, Park CJ. 2012 Effect of electromagnetic feld exposure on the reproductive system.

Clin Exp Reprod Med 39:1-9. doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2012.39.1.1

(8) Pall, ML. 2013. Electromagnetic felds act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels

to produce benefcial or adverse effects. J Cell Mol Med 17:958-965. doi:

10.1111/jcmm.12088.

(9) Pall ML. 2014 Electromagnetic feld activation of voltage-gated calcium channels: role in

therapeutic effects. Electromagn Biol Med. 2014 Apr 8 doi: 10.3109/15368378.2014.906447.

(10) Pall ML. 2015 How to approach the challenge of minimizing non-thermal health effects of microwave radiation from electrical devices. International Journal of Innovative Research in

Engineering & Management (IJIREM) ISSN: 2350-0557, Volume-2, Issue -5, September

2015; 71-76.

(11) Pall, M. L. 2015 Scientifc evidence contradicts fndings and assumptions of Canadian Safety Panel 6: microwaves act through voltage-gated calcium channel activation to induce

biological impacts at non-thermal levels, supporting a paradigm shift for microwave/lower frequency

electromagnetic feld action. Rev. Environ. Health 3, 99-116. doi: 10.1515/reveh-2015-0001.

(12) Pall ML. 2016 Electromagnetic felds act similarly in plants as in animals: Probable activation of calcium channels via their voltage sensor. Curr Chem Biol 10: 74-82.

(13) Pall ML. 2016 Microwave frequency electromagnetic felds (EMFs) produce widespread

neuropsychiatric effects including depression. J Chem Neuroanat 75(Pt B):43-51. Doi:

10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.08.001.

(14) Batista Napotnik T, Reberšek M, Vernier PT, Mali B, Miklavčič D. 2016 Effects of high voltage nanosecond electric pulses on eukaryotic cells (in vitro): A systematic review.

Bioelectrochemistry. 2016 Aug; 110:1-12. Doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.02.011

(15) Asghari A, Khaki AA, Rajabzadeh A, Khaki A. 2016 A review on electromagnetic felds (EMFs) and the reproductive system. Electron Physician. 2016 Jul 25;8(7):2655-2662. doi:

10.19082/2655

 

Pulzna elektromagnetna polja so v večini primerov biološko bolj aktivna kakor nepulzna EMP. To je pomembno, ker vse brezžične komunikacijske naprave komunicirajo preko pulznih signalov. Bolj kot je naprava “pametna”, več pulzov oddaja, saj informacije nosijo pulzni signali.

(1) Osipov YuA, 1965 [Labor hygiene and the effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic felds

on workers]. Leningrad Meditsina Publishing House, 220 pp

(2) Pollack H, Healer J. 1967 Review of Information on Hazards to Personnel from High

Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation. Institute for Defense Analyses; Research and

Engineering Support Division. IDA/HQ 67-6211, Series B, May 1967.

(3) Frey AH. 1974 Differential biologic effects of pulsed and continuous electromagnetic felds

and mechanisms of effect. Ann N Y Acad Sci 238: 273-279.

(4) Creighton MO, Larsen LE, Stewart-DeHaan PJ, Jacobi JH, Sanwal M, Baskerville

(5) JC, Bassen HE, Brown DO, Trevithick JR. 1987 In vitro studies of microwave-induced cataract. II. Comparison of damage observed for continuous wave and pulsed microwaves. Exp Eye Res 45:357-373.

(6) Grigor’ev IuG. 1996 [Role of modulation in biological effects of electromagnetic radiation].

Radiats Biol Radioecol 36:659-670.

(7) Belyaev I. 2005 Non-thermal biological effects of microwaves. Microwave Rev 11:13-29

(8) Belyaev I. 2005 Non-thermal biological effects of microwaves: current knowledge, further

perspective and urgent needs. Electromagn Biol Med 24(3):375-403.

(9) Markov MS. 2007 Pulsed electromagnetic feld therapy: History, state of the art and future.

The Environmentalist 27:465-475.

(10) Van Boxem K, Huntoon M, Van Zundert J, Patijn J, van Kleef M, Joosten EA. 2014 Pulsed

radiofrequency: a review of the basic science as applied to the pathophysiology of radicular

pain: a call for clinical translation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014 Mar-Apr;39(2):149-59

(11) Belyaev, I. 2015. Biophysical mechanisms for nonthermal microwave effects. In:

Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine, Marko S. Markov, ed, CRC Press, New York,

pp 49-67.

(12) Pall, M. L. 2015 Scientifc evidence contradicts fndings and assumptions of Canadian Safety Panel 6: microwaves act through voltage-gated calcium channel activation to induce

biological impacts at non-thermal levels, supporting a paradigm shift for microwave/lower

frequency electromagnetic feld action. Rev. Environ. Health 3, 99-116. doi: 10.1515/reveh-

2015-0001.

(13) Panagopoulos DJ, Johansson O, Carlo GL. 2015 Real versus simulated mobile phone

exposures in experimental studies. BioMed. Res. Int. 2015, article ID 607053, 8 pages. Doi:

10.1155/2015/607053.

(14) Batista Napotnik T, Reberšek M, Vernier PT, Mali B, Miklavčič D. 2016 Effects of high voltage nanosecond electric pulses on eukaryotic cells (in vitro): A systematic review.

Bioelectrochemistry. 2016 Aug; 110:1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.02.011.

 

Izpostavljenost EMP kot vzrok raka

(1) Dwyer, M. J., Leeper, D. B. 1978 A Current Literature Report on the Carcinogenic Properties

of Ionizing and Nonionizing Radiation. DHEW Publication (NIOSH) 78-134, March 1978.

(2) Marino AA, Morris DH. 1985 Chronic electromagnetic stressors in the environment. A risk

factor in human cancer. J environ sci health C3:189-219.

(3) Adey WR. 1988 Cell membranes: the electromagnetic environment and cancer promotion.

Neurochem Res.13:671-677.

(4) Adey WR. 1990 Joint actions of environmental nonionizing electromagnetic felds and

chemical pollution in cancer promotion. Environ Health Perspect 86:297-305.

(5) Frey AH. 1993 Electromagnetic feld interactions with biological systems. FASEB J 7:272-281.

(6) Goldsmith JR. 1995 Epidemiological evidence of radiofrequency radiation (microwave)

effects on health in military, broadcasting and occupational settings. Int J Occup Environ

Health 1:47-57.

(7) Goldsmith JR. 1997 Epidemiologic evidence relevant to radar (microwave) effects. Env

Health Perspect 105(Suppl 6):1579-1587.

(8) Kundi M, Mild K, Hardell L, Mattsson M. 2004 Mobile telephones and cancer – a review of

the epidemiological evidence. J Toxicol Env Health, Part B 7:351-384.

(9) Kundi M. 2004 Mobile phone use and cancer. Occup Env Med 61:560-570.

(10) Behari J, Paulraj R. 2007 Biomarkers of induced electromagnetic feld and cancer. Indian J

Exp Biol 45:77-85.

(11) Hardell L, Carlberg M, Soderqvist F, Hansson Mild K. 2008 Meta-analysis of long-term

mobile phone use and the association with brain tumors. Int J Oncol 32:1097-1103.

(12) Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. 2009 Cell phones and brain tumors: a

review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Surg Neurol 72:205-214.

(13) Desai NR, Kesari KK, Agarwal A. 2009 Pathophysiology of cell phone radiation: oxidative

stress and carcinogenesis with focus on the male reproductive system. Reproduct Biol

Endocrinol 7:114.

(14) Davanipour Z, Sobel E. 2009 Long-term exposure to magnetic felds and the risks of

Alzheimer’s disease and breast cancer: Further biological research. Pathophysiology

16:149-156.

(15) Yakymenko I, Sidorik E. 2010 Risks of carcinogenesis from electromagnetic radiation and

mobile telephony devices. Exp Oncol 32:729-736.

(16) Carpenter DO. 2010 Electromagnetic felds and cancer: the cost of doing nothing. Rev

Environ Health 25:75-80.

(17) Giuliani L, Soffriti M (Eds). 2010 NON-THERMAL EFFECTS AND MECHANISMS OF

INTERACTION BETWEEN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND LIVING MATTER, RAMAZZINI

INSTITUTE EUR. J. ONCOL. LIBRARY Volume 5, National Institute for the Study and Control

of Cancer and Environmental Diseases “Bernardino Ramazzini” Bologna, Italy 2010, 400 page monograph.

(18) Khurana, V. G., Hardell, L., Everaert, J., Bortkiewicz, A., Carlberg, M., Ahonen, M. 2010

Epidemiological evidence for a health risk from mobile phone base stations. Int. J. Occup.

Environ. Health 16, 263-267.

(19) Yakymenko, I., Sidorik, E., Kyrylenko, S., Chekhun, V. 2011. Long-term exposure to

microwave radiation provokes cancer growth: evidences from radars and mobile

communication systems. Exp. Oncol. 33(2), 62-70.

(20) Biointiative Working Group, David Carpenter and Cindy Sage (eds). 2012 Bioinitiative 2012: A rationale for biologically-based exposure standards for electromagnetic radiation. http:// www.bioinitiative.org/participants/why-we-care/

(21) Ledoigt G, Belpomme D. 2013 Cancer induction molecular pathways and HF-EMF

 

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